WORLD CULTURES 3#2                                            page 1 1987

    Annotated Cumulative Codebook: Cultural Diversity Database
    back to main codebook

   (These are key variables from the 37 first files contributed to SCCS by 1987.
    These will be coded for new cases added to the Ethnographic Atlas and to
    the SCCS Spss and R datafiles. To contribute please print and fill in each
    code with case description, source reference(s), and page numbers from the
    spatiotemporally relevant source(s) to support each coding decision and
    send to DrWhite@uci.edu as a document file accompanied if possible by an
    excel file for the 177 variables. --- Doug White June, 2010.
    For archaeological chiefdom and state case study contributions please
    follow the same instructions and the format established by Henry T. Wright
    in 2006, Atlas of Chiefdoms and Early States]. Structure and Dynamics 1#4:
    pp. 738-756.)

       Douglas R. White, January 1987
       Editor, World Cultures

    Diverse variables covering a wide range of topics from the cross-cultural
    studies in Table 1 are included in this codebook. Below each bibliographic
    entry in the Table are the names of datafiles (e.g., STDS1.DAT) containing
    original coded data, and the issue of World Cultures in which these data
    are published. Sequential variable numbers in the cumulative codebook and
    database are listed. The Cultural Diversity Database, however, is self
    contained, and does not require the original studies or the earlier cross-
    cultural codes and codebooks published in this journal. Rather, the
    codebook for this database is fully contained in this document.

    This codebook provides a self-contained system for labelling and
    interpreting the codes on societies in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample.

   (These codes are now on the EduMod wiki distribution system but were originally
    contained in the World Cultures distribution disk and named C1 through C9.
    They were originally read by the MAPTAB computer program which to retrieve,
    list and analyze the data. They are not analyzed by EduMod [R] software and
    Spss.In the original distribution disc sll you needed was this codebook and
    the diskette labelled Cultural Diversity Database containing the MAPTAB
    program and the datasets. The command READER activated the program on the
    disk, and provided further instructions and information such as the names of
    the societies sampled, and eventually takes you into the MAPTAB program.
    The names of societies can also be retrieved along with other data by
    employing variables 177-184 in which the names were stored.)


    ____TABLE 1_______________________________________________________

     1. Murdock, G. P., and Diana O. Morrow. 1970. Subsistence Economy and
        Supportive Practices: Cross-Cultural Codes 1. Ethnology 9:302-330.
        Reprinted in Herbert Barry III and Alice Schlegel, eds. 1980. Cross-
        Cultural Codes and Samples. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh
        Press.
         STDS1.DAT          Issue 1#1         1- 22

     2. Barry, Herbert, III and Leonora M. Paxson. 1971. Infancy and Early
        Childhood: Cross-Cultural Codes 2. Ethnology 10:466-508. Reprinted in
        Barry and Schlegel, eds. 1980. (op. cit.).
         STDS2.DAT          Issue 1#1        23- 60

     3. Murdock, G. P., and Suzanne F. Wilson. 1972. Settlement Patterns and
        Community Organization: Cross Cultural Codes 3. Ethnology 11:254-295.
        Reprinted in Barry and Schlegel, eds. 1980. (op. cit.).
         STDS3.DAT          Issue 1#1        60- 80

     4. Tuden, Arthur, and Catherine Marshall. 1972. Political Organization:
        Cross-Cultural Codes 4. Ethnology 11:436-464. Reprinted in Barry and
        Schlegel, eds. 1980. (op. cit.).
         STDS4.DAT          Issue 1#1        81- 98

     5. Murdock, George P., and Caterina Provost. 1973. Factors in the
        Division of Labor by Sex: A Cross-Cultural Analysis. Ethnology 12: 2-
        3-225. Reprinted in Barry and Schlegel, eds. 1980. (op. cit.).
         STDS5.DAT          Issue 1#1        99-149

     6. Murdock, George P., and Catherine Provost. 1973. Measurement of
        Cultural Complexity. Ethnology 12: 379-392. Reprinted in Barry and
        Schlegel, eds. 1980. (op. cit.).
         STDS6.DAT          Issue 1#1       149-158

     7. Broude, Gwen J., and Sarah J. Greene. 1976. Cross-Cultural Codes on
        Twenty Sexual Attitudes and Practices. Ethnology 12: 409-29. Reprinted
        in Barry and Schlegel, eds. 1980. (op. cit.).
         STDS7.DAT          Issue 1#1       159-178

     8. Whiting, John W. M. Climate Codes. World Cultures 1#1.
         STDS8.DAT          Issue 1#1       179-199

     9. Murdock, George P. 1961-1971. Ethnographic Atlas. Ethnology serial
        installments. Most of these reappear in George P. Murdock, 1967, The
        Ethnographic Atlas: A Summary, and 1981, Atlas of World Cultures, both
        published by the University of Pittsburgh Press.
         STDS9-to-12.DAT    Issue 1#2       200-292

    10. Barry, Herbert, III, Lili Josephson, Edith Lauer, and Catherine
        Marshall. 1976. Traits Inculcated in Childhood: Cross-Cultural Codes
        5. Ethnology 15:83-114. Reprinted in Barry and Alice Schlegel, eds.
        1980. (op. cit.).
         STDS13.DAT         Issue 1#2       293-336

    11. Barry, Herbert, III, L. Josephson, E. Lauer, and C. Marshall. 1977.
        Agents and Techniques for Child Training: Cross-Cultural Codes 6.
        Ethnology 16: 191-230. Reprinted in Barry and Alice
        Schlegel, eds. 1980. (op. cit.).
         STDS14-to-18.DAT   Issue 1#2       337-480

    12. Rohner, Ronald P., and Evelyn C. Rohner. 1981. Parental-Acceptance-
        Rejection and Parental Control: Cross-Cultural Codes. Ethnology 20:
        245- 260.
         STDS19/20.DAT      Issue 1#2 1#4   481-528

    13. Schlegel, Alice, and Herbert Barry III. 1979. Adolescent Initiation
        Ceremonies: A Cross-Cultural Code. Ethnology 18: 199-210. Reprinted in
        Barry and Schlegel, eds. 1980. (op. cit.).
         STDS21.DAT         Issue 1#4       529-560

    14. Paige, Karen E., and Jeffrey M. Paige. 1981. The Politics of
        Reproductive Ritual. Berkeley: University of California Press.
         STDS22.DAT         Issue 1#4       561-575

    15. Whyte, Martin K. 1979. Cross-Cultural Codes Dealing with the Relative
        Status of Women. Ethnology 17:211-37. Reprinted in Barry and Schlegel,
        eds. 1980. (op. cit.).
         STDS23/24.DAT      Issue 1#4       576-636

    16. Murdock, George P. 1970. Kin Term Patterns and their Distribution.
        Ethnology 9: 165-207. Reprinted in Barry and Schlegel, eds. 1980. (op.
        cit.).
         STDS25.DAT         Issue 1#4       637-644

    17. Murdock, George P., S.F. Wilson, and V. Frederick. 1978. World
        Distributions of Theories of Illness. Ethnology 17: 449-470. These
        codes reappear in George P. Murdock, 1980. Theories of Illness: A
        World Survey. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
         STDS25.DAT         Issue 1#4       645-656

    18. Sanday, Peggy R. 1981. Female Power and Male Dominance: Cross-Cultural
        Codes. World Cultures 1#4.
         STDS26.DAT         Issue 1#4       657-679

    19. Whyte, Martin K. 1985. The Status of Women in Preindustrial Societies:
        Dependent and Independent Variables. World Cultures 1#4.
         STDS27/28.DAT      Issue 1#4       680-738

    20. Broude, Gwen J., and Sarah J. Greene. 1983. Cross-Cultural Codes on
        Husband-Wife Relationships. Ethnology 22: 263-280.
         STDS29.DAT         Issue 1#4       739-755

    21. Ross, Marc H. 1983. Political Decision-Making and Conflict: Additional
        Cross-Cultural Codes and Scales. Ethnology 22: 169-192.
         STDS30.DAT         Issue 2#2       756-797

    22. Rohner, Ronald P., D. Scott Berg and Evelyn C. Rohner. 1982. Data
        Quality Control in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample: Cross-Cultural
        Codes. Ethnology 21: 359-369.
         STDS31.DAT         Issue 2#2       798-813

    23. Barry, Herbert, III, and Alice Schlegel. 1982. Cross-Cultural Codes on
        Contributions by Women to Subsistence. Ethnology 21: 165-188.
         STDS32.DAT         Issue 2#2       814-826

    24. Barry, Herbert, III, and Alice Schlegel. 1984. Measurements of
        Adolescent Sexual Behavior in the Standard Sample of Societies.
        Ethnology 21: 165-188.
         STDS33.DAT         Issue 2#2       827-832

    25. Murdock, George P., and Douglas R. White. 1969. Standard Cross-
        Cultural Sample. Ethnology 8: 329-369. Reprinted in Barry
        and Schlegel, eds. 1980. (op. cit.).
         STDS34.DAT         Issue 2#2       833-850

    26. Burton, Michael L., Douglas R. White, and John M. W. Whiting. 1986.
        Language Classification for the Standard Sample. World Cultures 2#2.
         STDS35.DAT         Issue 2#2       851-853

    27. White, Douglas R., John M. W. Whiting, and Michael L. Burton. 1986.
        Climate and Subsistence Codes. World Cultures 2#2.
         STDS36.DAT         Issue 2#2       854-859

    28. White, Douglas R. 1987 (re-edited). Rethinking Polygyny: Co-wives,
        Codes and Cultural Systems. World Cultures 2#2.
         STDS37.DAT         Issue 2#2       860-878

    29. Winkelman, Michael L., and Douglas R. White. 1986. A Cross-Cultural
        Study of Magico-Religious Practitioners and Trance States: Data Base.
        1986. World Cultures 2#3.
         STDS38.DAT         Issue 2#3       879-884

    30. White, Douglas R. 1986. Female Contributions to Subsistence:
        Measurement and Reliability. 1986. World Cultures 2#3.
         STDS39.DAT         Issue 2#3       885-890

    31. Wheeler, Valerie. 1974. Drums and Guns: A Cross-Cultural Study of the
        Nature of War. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Oregon.
         STDS40.DAT         Issue 3#1       891-916

    32. Patterson, Orlando. 1982. Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative
        Study. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
         STDS41.DAT         Issue 3#1       917-920

    33. Pryor, Frederick. 1986. The Adoption of Agriculture: Some Theoretical
        and Empirical Evidence. American Anthropologist 88: 879-897.
         STDS42.DAT         Issue 3#1       921-930

    34. Frayser, Suzanne. 1985. Varieties of Sexual Experience. HRAF Press.
         STDS43.DAT         Issue 3#1       931-985

    35. Rohner, Ronald P., and Evelyn C. Rohner. 1982. Enculturative
        Continuity and the Importance of Caretakers: Cross-Cultural Codes.
        Behavior Science Research
         STDS44.DAT         Issue 3#1       986-1005

    36. Murdock, George P. 1971. Cross-Sex Patterns of Kin Behavior. Ethnology
        10: 359-368. Reprinted in Barry and Schlegel, eds. 1980. (op. cit.).
        Also: Murdock, George P. 1965. Ethnographic Atlas #14. Ethnology 4:
        241-250. 1965. Ethnographic Atlas #16. Ethnology 4: 448-455. 1966.
        Ethnographic Atlas #20. Ethnology 5: 442-448.
         STDS48.DAT         Issue 3#       1113-

    37. Murdock, George P. 1968. Patterns of Sibling Terminology. Ethnology 7:
        1-24. Reprinted in Barry and Schlegel, eds. 1980.
        (op. cit.).
         STDS49.DAT         Issue 3#           -

    Acknowledgements. The codes reprinted from Ethnology and Behavior
    Science Research for the studies listed below are provided by agreement
    with the Editors of the respective journals. The codes from the study by
    Jeffrey Paige and Karen Paige (#14 below) are reprinted with permission of
    the authors and of the University of California Press. The codes from
    Suzanne Frayser's study (#35 below) are reprinted with permission of the
    author and HRAF Press. Studies 1-7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 25, 34, and 35
    are reprinted in Barry and Schlegel, eds., 1980:  Cross-Cultural Codes and
    Samples,  University of Pittsburgh Press. The codes from Murdock, Wilson
    and Frederick's study (#17 below) reappear in George P. Murdock,  1980:
    Theories of Illness: A World Survey,  University of Pittsburgh Press. Most
    of the codes from the Ethnographic Atlas (#9 below) reappear in George P.
    Murdock, 1967, The Ethnographic Atlas: A Summary, and 1981, Atlas of World
    Cultures, both published by the University of Pittsburgh Press.

    ____END OF TABLE 1________________________________________________




         CODES. The first items of information on each variable are the
    cumulative variable number from the series of studies in Table 1, and the
    number of the study that contributed the variable. Under each variable are
    found several rows of information: frequencies, codes, and descriptive
    category. Variable numbers always appear in columns 1-4, frequencies in 5-
    7, code numbers in 11-12, and labels in columns 16-80.

    The variable below indicates that there is one society in the sample in
    the second millenium BC, one in the first BC, one in the first millenium
    AD, and 183 in the second AD.

   Var number: when using SCCS spss or R databases please pay attention to
                             the second variable number [for separate study numbers]
     1 No. of cases
          2 Code number
               3 code description

   0.  Pinpointing Era - see final variable [Var 1000 Study 38]

      1   -1 = 1999-1000 BC
      1    - = 1-999 BC
      1    0 = 0-999 AD
    183    1 = 1000-1987 AD

    The leftmost number in the last four rows are the number of societies in
    the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample that have as a characteristic the
    descriptive label to the right. These frequencies, including missing data,
    always sum to the sample size of 186. These can be checked for particular
    variables against the MARGINALS option (#17) in the MAPTAB program.

    The next column in these rows are codes (letters, numbers, symbols)
    corresponding to the descriptive label on the other side of the equals
    sign. Each set of codes (as in -1, -, blank, and 1 above for era) are
    mutually exclusive so that individual societies may be assigned to one of
    the categories.

    1 No. of cases
         2 Code number
               3 code description

   1.  Pinpointing Decade [Var 840 Study 25]

      1   75 = 1750 BC   (coded -1 under era above)
      1   62 =  620 BC   (coded  - under era above)
      1   11 =  110 AD
      1   29 = 1290-99
      1   52 = 1520-29
      1   53 = 1530-39
      1   55 = 1550-59
      1   63 = 1630-39
      2   65 = 1650-59
      1   71 = 1710-19
      1   75 = 1750-59
      1   77 = 1770-79
      3   80 = 1800-09
      2   82 = 1820-29
      1   83 = 1830-39
      3   84 = 1840-49
      6   85 = 1850-59
      9   86 = 1860-69
      7   87 = 1870-79
     10   88 = 1880-89
     12   89 = 1890-99
     15   90 = 1900-09
     16   91 = 1910-19
     14   92 = 1920-29
     31   93 = 1930-39
     14   94 = 1940-49
     24   95 = 1950-59
      7   96 = 1960-69
          97 = 1970-79

   2.  Language Familiarity [Var 812 Study 22]

     97    . = Missing data
     31    1 = Little or none
     35    2 = Some
     23    3 = Fluent

   3.  Total Months of Fieldwork [Var 803 Study 22]

    103    . = Missing data
      7    2 =
      3    3 =
      3    4 =
      3    5 =
      4    6 =
      3    7 =
      2    8 =
      5    9 =
      6   10 =
      1   11 =
      7   12 =
      1   13 =
      2   14 =
      2   15 =
      1   16 =
          17 =
      4   18 =
     31   19 = nineteen and over (up to 99)

   4.  Region [Var 200 Study 9]

     28    1 = Africa
                Exclusive of Madagascar and the Sahara
     28    2 = Circum-Mediterranean
                North Africa, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Semitic Near East
     34    3 = East Eurasia
                including Madagascar and Islands in Indian Ocean
     31    4 = Insular Pacific
                including Australia, Indonesia, Formosa, Phillipines
     33    5 = North America
                indigenous societies to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec
     32    6 = South America
                including Antilles, Yucatan, Central America

   5.  Mean Daily Min Coldest Month (øC) [Var 190 Study 8]

          -6 = Below -60øC
          -5 = -50 to -59øC
          -4 = -40 to -49øC
          -3 = -30 to -39øC
          -2 = -20 to -29øC
          -1 = -10 to -19øC
           - = -1 to -9øC
           0 =  0 to  9øC
           1 = 10 to 19øC
           2 = 20 to 29øC

   6.  Number of Dry Months [Var 196 Study 8]

     76    0 = None
      8    1 =
     13    2 =
     10    3 =
     19    4 =
     13    5 =
     15    6 =
     10    7 =
      8    8 =
      1    9 =
      3   10 =
      1   11 =
      9   12 =

   7.  Climate Type [Var 857 Study 27]
       Ordered in terms of Open Access to Rich Ecological Resources

      6    1 = Polar
     38    2 = Desert or cold steppe
     50    3 = Tropical rainforest
     39    4 = Moist temperate
     45    5 = Tropical savanna
      8    6 = Tropical highlands

   8.  Agricultural Potential 1: [Var 921 Study 33] Sum of Land Slope, Soils,
       Climate Scales [see definitions of components added]

      1    4 = Poorest potential
           5
      1    6
           7
      5    8
      1    9
      2   10
      7   11
      8   12
      5   13
     14   14
     10   15
     16   16
     24   17
     25   18
     29   19
     24   20
      7   21
      5   22
      4   23 = Richest potential

   9.  Food Stress or Hunger [Var 678 Study 18]

     48    . = Missing data
     47    1 = Food constant
     62    2 = Occasional hunger or famine
     26    3 = Periodic or chronic hunger
      3    4 = Starvation or evidence of protein deficiency
                   (note: exact coding distinction between 3 and 4 unclear)

  10.  Population Density [Var  64 Study 3]

      2    . = Missing Data
     36    1 =    < 1 person per 5 sq. mi.
     22    2 =      1 person per 1-5 sq. mi.
     25    3 =    1-5   persons per sq. mi.
     27    4 =    1-25  persons per sq. mi.
     34    5 =   26-100 persons per sq. mi.
     20    6 =  101-500 persons per sq. mi.
     20    7 = over 500 persons per sq. mi.

  11.  Migration [Var 677 Study 18]

     81    . = Missing data
     47    1 = Aboriginal area or migrated centures ago
     58    2 = Recent migration, within past 100-150 years, or
               people are said to be migrating conquerors

  12.  Acceptability of Violence toward people in Other Societies [Var 783 Study 21]

    122    . = Missing data
     39    1 = Valued
     16    2 = Acceptable
      3    3 = Tolerated
      6    4 = Disapproved

  13.  Language Continent [Var 851 Study 26]

     46    0 = Africa-Arabia
     50    1 = SE Asia, Oceanea
     27    2 = Europe, N. Asia
     32    3 = N. America
     31    4 = S. America

  14.  Language Phylum [Var 852 Study 26]

          01 = Khoisan
          02 = Niger-Kordofanian
          03 = Nilo-Saharan
          04 = Afra-Asiatic
          05 = Zerma
          11 = Sino-Tibetan
          12 = Dravidian
          13 = Mon-Khmer
          14 = Indo-Pacific
          15 = Australian
          16 = Austronesian
          17 = Thai-Kadai
          1. = Isolated
          22 = Indo-European
          23 = Caucasian
          24 = Uralic
          25 = Altaic
          27 = Siberian Isolates
          28 = Miao-Yao
          2. = Isolated
          31 = Eskimo-Aleutian
          32 = NaDene
          33 = Wakashan
          34 = Penutian
          35 = Salishan
          36 = Macro-Algonkian
          38 = Macro-Siouan
          39 = Macro-Hokan
          30 = Uto-Aztecan
          3? = Kiowa-Tanoan
          3. = Isolated
          40 = Mayan
          41 = Mesoamerican
          42 = Macro-Carib
          43 = Macro-Chibchan
          44 = Ge-Panoan
          45 = Equitorial
          46 = Andean

  15.  Scale 1-  Writing and Records [Var 149 Study 6]

     73    1 =  None
     49    2 =  Mnemonic devices
     21    3 =  Nonwritten records
     12    4 =  True writing; no records
     31    5 =  True writing; records

  16.  Subsistence Type - Ecological Classification [Var 858 Study 27]

       FORAGERS: 80% or more dependence on food collection
      9    1 = Gathering
      9    2 = Hunting and/or Marine Animals
     12    3 = Fishing
      8    4 = Anadromous Fishing (spawning fish such as Salmon)

       DOMESTICATED ANIMALS: Pastoralism >33% or Mounted Hunting
      5    5 = Mounted Hunting
     18    6 = Pastoralism

       SHIFTING CULTIVATION: new field cleared annually, cultivated for a year
       or two, then allowed to revert to forest
     33    7 = Shifting Cultivation, with digging sticks or wooden hoes
     19    8 = Shifting Cultivation, with metal hoes

       HORTICULTURE: semi-intensive agriculture limited mainly to vegetal
       gardens or groves of fruit trees rather than field crops
     18    9 = Horticultural Gardens or Tree Fruits
      0   10 = Advanced Horticulture, with metal hoes

       INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE: permanent fields or short fallow and long period
       of use of fields, with fertilization by compost, animal manure, crop
       rotation, or other
     23   11 = Intensive Agriculture, with no plow
     32   12 = Intensive Agriculture, with plow

       Resource Base - Reclassification of above as per Paige and Paige [Var 859 Study 27]
     30    *   LOW RESOURCES: 2, 1, 3 above
     77    *   UNSTABLE RESOURCES: 5, 7, 4, 9, 11 above
     69    *   HIGH RESOURCES: 10, 8, 6, 12 above

  17.  Gathering:        % Dependence [Var 203 Study 9]
  18.  Hunting:          % Dependence [Var 204 Study 9]
  19.  Fishing:          % Dependence [Var 205 Study 9]
  20.  Animal husbandry: % Dependence [Var 206 Study 9]
  21.  Agriculture       % Dependence [Var 207 S 9]

                             Gath Hunt Fish Anim Agri
       *   # of Cases:        17   18   19   20   21

       0 =  0 - 5% Dependence 86   64   57   77   44
       1 =  6 - 15%           51   47   55   39   11
       2 = 16 - 25%           23   33   29   29    4
       3 = 26 - 35%            9   19   14   19    2
       4 = 36 - 45%            9   11   12    7   16
       5 = 46 - 55%            4    5   11    3   36
       6 = 56 - 65%            3    3    5    2   39
       7 = 66 - 75%            -    2    1    1   17
       8 = 76 - 85%            1    1    1    4   13
       9 = 86 - 100%           -    1    1    5    4

  22.  Predominant Type of Animal Husbandry [Var 244 Study 9]

     55    1 = Absence or near absence of large domestic animals
     30    2 = Pigs the only large domestic animals
     15    3 = Sheep and/or goats without larger domestic animals
     10    4 = Equine animals (horses, donkeys)
      3    5 = Deer (reindeer)
      5    6 = Camels, alpacas, or llamas
     68    7 = Bovine animals (cattle, mithun, water buffalo, yaks)

  23.  Major Crop Type [Var 233 Study 9]

     44    1 = None or none specified
      -    2 = Non-food crops only, such as cotton or tobacco
      -    3 = Vegetables
     13    4 = Tree fruits
     38    5 = Roots or tubers
     91    6 = Cereal grains

  24.  Animals and Plow Cultivation [Var 243 Study 9]

    153    1 = Absent (no plow animals)
      2    2 = Not aboriginal but well established at period
                of observation
     31    3 = Prior to contract

  25.  Food Surplus via Storage [Var  21 Study 1]

     69    1 = None or barely adequate
     84    2 = Simple or adequate
     33    3 = Complex or More than adequate

  26.  Food Supply (ecological or distribution network) [Var  22 Study 1]

     74    1 = Year-round food supply locally
     10    2 = Daily variation in food supply
     86    3 = Seasonal variation
     14    4 = Annual variation
      2    5 = Imported food supply

  27.  Large or Impressive Structures [Var  66 Study 3]

     96    1 = None
     24    2 = Residences of influential individuals
     31    3 = Secular or public building(s)
     27    4 = Religious or ceremonial building(s)
      4    5 = Military structure(s)
      4    6 = Economic or industrial building(s)

  28.  Types of Dwelling [Var  65 Study 3]

      -    . = Missing Data
     13    1 = Conical
      2    2 = Beehive
     11    3 = Dome or hemispherical
      5    4 = Wedge-shape roof
      6    5 = Semicylindrical
     24    6 = Cone-cylinder
     49    7 = Rectangular on ground, vegetal material walls
     18    8 = Rectangular on piles
     17    9 = Rectangular on ground, mineral material walls
     12   10 = Flat roofs
      9   11 = Caves or rock shelters
      9   12 = Tents
      8   13 = Semisubterranean
      3   14 = Miscellaneous

  29.  Fixity of Settlement [Var  61 Study 3]

     28    1 = Migratory
     21    2 = Seminomadic- fixed then migratory
      6    3 = Rotating among 2+ fixed
     14    4 = Semisedentary- fixed core, some migratory
     15    5 = Impermanent- periodically moved
    102    6 = Permanent

  30.  Compactness of Settlement [Var  62 Study 3]

     18    1 = Dispersed
     20    2 = Spatially separated subsettlements
     44    3 = Partially dispersed with central core
    104    4 = Compact

  31.  Private Property [Var 704 Study 19]

    102    . = Missing data
     70    1 = Absent
     14    2 = Present

  32.  Ownership or Control of the Use of Dwellings [Var 591 Study 15]

    114    . = Missing Data
     22    1 = Solely by men
     12    2 = Most owned by men
     25    3 = Equal ownership, or no preferential rights
     13    4 = Most or all owned or controlled by women

  33.  Inheritance Rule for Real Property (land) [Var 278 Study 9]

     31    . = Missing data
     59    1 = Absence of individual property rights or rules
      4    2 = Matrilineal (sister's sons)
      9    3 = Other matrilineal heirs (e.g., younger brothers)
     12    4 = Children, with daughters receiving less
      9    5 = Children, equally for both sexes
      8    6 = Other patrilineal heirs (e.g., younger brothers)
     54    7 = Patrilineal (sons)

  34.  Inheritance Distribution for Real Property [Var 279 Study 9]

     93    . = Missing data or absense of rights (1 in [Var 279)
     54    1 = Equal or relatively equal
      6    2 = Exclusively or predominantly to
                the one adjudged best qualified
      4    3 = Ultimogeniture (to the junior individual)
     28    4 = Primogeniture (to the senior individual)
      1    5 = Title retained by lineage (new category: Siuai)
               Ought to expand category 5:=== ======== <== NOTE

  35.  Money (media of exchange) and Credit [Var  17 Study 1]

      3    . = Missing Data
     77    1 = No media of exchange or money
     12    2 = Domestically usable articles as media of exchange
     26    3 = Tokens of conventional value as media of exchange
     42    4 = Foreign coinage or paper currency
     26    5 = Indigenous coinage or paper currency

  36.  Trade [Var 819 Study 23]

     65    0 = Little or None, 0=5%
     80    5 =  5- 9% dependence
      2   10 = 10-14% dependence
      1   15 = 15-19%
      7   20 = 20-24%
     29   25 = 25-29%
      1   55 = 55-59%
      1   65 = 65-69%

  37.  Credit Source [Var  18 Study 1]

     17    . = Missing Data
    113    1 = Personal loans between friends or relatives
     26    2 = Internal money lending specialists
     23    3 = External money lending specialists
      7    5 = Banks or comparable institutions

  38.  Weaving -            Gender Division of Labor [Var 250 Study 9]
  39.  Leather Working -    Gender Division of Labor [Var 252 Study 9]
  40.  Pottery Making -     Gender Division of Labor [Var 254 Study 9]
  41.  Boat Building -      Gender Division of Labor [Var 256 Study 9]
  42.  House Construction - Gender Division of Labor [Var 258 Study 9]

                                                      248 250 252 254 256 258
       *      GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR                MET WEA LEA POT BOA HOU
       *   No. of cases coded for variable:                38  39  40  41  42

       . = Missing data                                 2  13  48  15  26  35
       1 = M)ales alone or almost alone                79  20  32  10  75  91
       2 = N)males appreciably more                     1   3   1   2   5  17
       3 = D)ifferentiation but equal participation     -   5   -   4   -  19
       4 = E)qual partic. w/out marked differentiation  -   -   1   2   -   4
       5 = G)females appreciably more                   -   1   3   2   -   5
       6 = F)emales alone or almost alone               -  48  32  72   1  14
       7 = I)Gender irrelevant, esp. industrialized     1   -   -   1   -   -
       8 = P)Activity present: sex partic. unspecified  1   9  22  20  19   1
       9 = O)Activity absent or unimportant           102  87  47  58  60   -

  43.  Gathering -        Gender Division of Labor [Var 260 Study 9]
  44.  Hunting -          Gender Division of Labor [Var 262 Study 9]
  45.  Fishing -          Gender Division of Labor [Var 264 Study 9]
  46.  Animal Husbandry - Gender Division of Labor [Var 266 Study 9]
  47.  Agriculture -      Gender Division of Labor [Var 268 Study 9]

                                                      43  44  45  46  47
       *      Gender Division of Labor               GAT HUN FIS ANI AGR
       *   No. of cases coded for variable:          260 262 264 266 268

       . = Missing data                               23   6  12  21   7
       0                                                               1
       1 = Males alone or almost alone                 4 153  66  37  17
       2 = Males appreciably more                      5   2  43  23  38
       3 = Differentiation but equal participation     3   -  10  18  14
       4 = Equal partic. w/out marked differentiation 11   -   8  14  25
       5 = Females appreciably more                   24   -   5   4  36
       6 = Females alone or almost alone              64   -   3  12   6
       7 = Gender irrelevant, esp. industrialized
       8 = Activity present: sex partic. unspecified   4   -   1   2   -
       9 = Activity absent or unimportant             48  25  38  55  42

  48.  Female Contribution to Subsistence: Average of Three Scores [Var 890 Study 30]

      1    . = Missing data
      5    0 =  0- 5%
     13    1 =  6-15%
     27    2 = 16-25%
     45    3 = 26-35%
     48    4 = 36-45%
     34    5 = 46-55%
      8    6 = 56-65%
      4    7 = 66-75%
      1    8 = 76-85%
           9 = 86-99%

  49.  Technological Specialization [Var 153 Study 6 Scale 5]

     39    1 =  None
     27    2 =  Pottery only
     31    3 =  Loom weaving only
     56    4 =  Metalwork only
     33    5 =  Smiths, weavers, potters

  50.  Community-wide Exclusively Male Work Groups [Var 587 Study 15]

    108    . = Missing Data
     20    1 = None
     44    2 = For one activity
     14    3 = For two or more activities

  51.  Community-wide Exclusively Female Work Groups [Var 588 Study 15]

    114    . = Missing data
     45    1 = None
     27    2 = For one or more activity

  52.  Land Transport (especially regarding food transport) [Var  13 Study 1]

      1    . = Missing Data
    108    1 = Human Carriers, incl. tumpline
     41    2 = Pack Animals
     13    3 = Draft Animals (sleds, travois)
     12    4 = Animal Drawn Wheeled vehicles
     11    5 = Motorized vehicles

  53.  Water Transport [Var  15 Study 1]

      5    . = Missing Data
     20    1 = None, but feasible      note: 1 & 2 should be reversed
     56    2 = Not feasible
     10    3 = Floats or rafts
     73    4 = Human powered craft
     20    5 = Sail powered craft
      2    6 = Motorized craft

  54.  Sleeping Proximity of Parents to Infant [Var  23 Study 2]

     13    . = Missing Data
      -    1 = Infant's room different than Mo and Fa
     12    2 = Infant's room (not bed) same as Mo; Fa's room different
      -    3 = Infant's room (not bed) same as Mo; Fa's room unspecified
     30    4 = Infant's room (not bed) same as Mo; Fa same room, different bed
     55    5 = Infant's room same as Mo and Fa, beds unspecified
     24    6 = Infant's bed same as Mo; Fa's room different
      5    7 = Infant's bed same as Mo; Fa's room unspecified
     24    8 = Infant's bed same as Mo; Fa's room same, different bed
     23    9 = Infant's bed same as Mo and Fa

    Reliability assessment: p. 161, J. M. W. Whiting, 1981. "Environmental
    Constraints on Infant Care Practices," ed. R. L. Munroe, B. Munroe, B.
    Whiting, Handbook of Cross-Cultural Human Development. Ayres and Whiting's
    codes show 75% agreement with Barry and Paxson, ll4 cases. A moderately
    high inference code: "Since in many cultures sleeping arrangements are a
    private affair, specific ethnographic reports are often lacking and
    judgments are often made inferentially or cannot be made at all."  Of l35
    societies rated by Ayres and Whiting, ratings could be made in but 44
    percent of the cases. This is virtually identical with the 46% confident
    judgments by Barry and Paxson. For a measure of closeness between mother
    and infant, Whiting recommends low inference codes on use of arms or sling
    (vs. cradle) for carrying the infant.

  55.  Rooming Arrangement for Wives [Var 864 Study 28]

      7    . = Missing data
    131    1 = Wife sleeps in same room with husband
     48    2 = Wife sleeps in room apart from husband's room, including
               cases of men's dormitories or 30% or more polygynously
               married women if co-wives sleep apart (e.g., Trobriand
               chiefs' wives constitute circa 39% of the married women)

  56.  Games [Var 239 Study 9]

     The code below can also be expressed in a semi-order or partial
     Guttman scale, as there are five latent classes or dominant scale
     types: for P C S, these are - - -   + - -   + + -   + - +   + + +

     14    . = Missing data
     12    1 = None of the three types
     64    2 = Physical skill
      1    3 = Chance
      4    4 = Strategy
     47    5 = Skill and chance
     22    6 = Skill and strategy
      -    7 = Chance and strategy
     22    8 = All

  57.  Male Segregation Practices [Var 566 Study 14]

    105    . = Missing data
     59    1 = Absent or Minor
     22    2 = Present

  58.  Belief that Women are Generally Inferior to Men [Var 626 Study 15]

     93    . = Missing Data
     27    1 = Yes
     66    2 = No such belief

  59.  Female Political Participation, at least informal influence [Var 661 Study 18]

     41    . = Missing data
     62    1 = Absent
     83    2 = Present

  60.  Female Solidarity Groups, formal or informal [Var 662 Study 18]

     56    . = Missing data
     93    1 = Absent
     37    2 = Present

  61.  Female Power Guttman Scale [Var 663 Study 18]

     53    . = Missing data
     11    1 = All items absent
      9    2 = Flexible marriage mores only (657)
      5    3 = Female nondomestic production (658), plus 2 above
     13    4 = Demand for female produce (659), plus 2 and 3 above
     23    5 = Female economic control (660), plus 2-4 above
     41    6 = Female political participation, plus 2-5 above
     31    7 = Female solidarity groups, plus 2-6 above

  62.  Ideology of Male Toughness [Var 664 Study 18]

     78    . = Missing data
     21    1 = Absent
     87    2 = Present

  63.  Male Aggression Guttman Scale [Var 669 Study 18]

     79    . = Missing data
     15    1 = No items present (664)
      5    2 = Ideology of male toughness only (665)
     18    3 = Plus separate places for men (666)
     12    4 = Plus interpersonal violence (667)
     19    5 = Plus rape institutionalized or reported (668)
     38    6 = Plus taking wives from hostile groups (669)

  64.  Male Solidarity - Guttman Scale [Var 695 Study 19]
       (Young and Bacdayan 1965)

     93    . = Missing data
     57    1 = No institutionalized male solidarity
      7    2 = Some exclusive male activity protected by physical
               or normative barriers
      6    3 = Ritualization given to this activity, plus 2 above
     14    4 = Definite ranking of men within this activity, plus 2-3 above
      9    5 = War training or planning a part of this activity, plus 2-4 above
                  (scalability = .88)

  65.  Female Participation in Public Political Arenas, Relative to Males [Var 793 Study 21]

    106    . = Missing data
      8    1 = High: in some situations equal to or greater than that of men
     27    2 = Significant but not as high as male involvement
     19    3 = Not great but clearly some role for women in public aspects
               of political life
     26    4 = Women generally excluded from public aspects of politics

  66.  Female Participation in Private Political Arenas, Relative to Males
       [Var 794 Study 21]

    120    . = Missing data
     35    1 = High: in some situations equal to or greater than that of men
     15    2 = Significant but not as high as male involvement
     12    3 = Not great but clearly some role for women in private aspects of
               political life
      4    4 = Women do not seem to get involved in political life in
               private arenas

  67.  Gender differences in Political or Quasi-Political Positions of
       Authority [Var 795 Study 21]

    102    . = Missing data
      8    1 = Women and men eligible for some of the same positions and
               women commonly do so
     18    2 = Women and men eligible for some of the same positions and
               women occasionally do so
      7    3 = Women rarely, if ever, hold some of the same positions
               regardless of rules of eligibility
     51    4 = The same political positions are not open to both women and men

  68.  Separate Female Organizations and Positions [Var 796 Study 21]

    117    . = Missing data
     22    1 = Some associations or organizations under exclusive control
               of women
     15    2 = No associations but some positions of authority for which
               only women are eligible
     32    3 = No associations or positions exclusively controlled by women

  69.  Caste Stratification (endogamy) [Var 272 Study 9]

      5    . = Missing data
    154    1 = Absent or insignificant
     17    2 = Despised occupational group(s)
      3    3 = Ethnic stratification
      7    4 = Complex

  70.  Social Stratification [Var 158 Study 6 Scale 10]

     65    1 =  Egalitarian
     52    2 =  Hereditary slavery
     19    3 =  2 social classes, no castes/slavery
     20    4 =  2 social classes, castes/slavery
     30    5 =  3 social classes or castes, with or without slavery

  71.  Type of Slavery [Var 274 Study 9]

      6    . = Missing data
    100    1 = Absence or near absence
     27    2 = Incipient or nonhereditary
      9    3 = Reported but type not identified
     44    4 = Hereditary and socially significant

       Manumission of Slaves [Var 918 Study 32]

      1 . = Missing Data
     18 1 = Infrequent
     10 2 = Not common
     21 3 = Frequent
     17 4 = No data on rates of manumission, but hereditary
        -   slaveholding is present by Patterson's definition
      7 5 = Hereditary slaveholding not present by Patterson's
        -   definition, although present by Murdock's definition
      5 6 = Hereditary slaveholding not present by Patterson's
        -   definition, although slavery present by Murdock's
        -   definition, unascertained as to whether hereditary
      8 7 = Hereditary slaveholding not present by Patterson's
        -   definition, although nonhereditary slavery present
        -   (e.g., slaves captured in warfare but not inherited)
        -   by Murdock's definition.
     97 8 = Slavery not present by either definition
      2 9 = Slavery not present by either definition, although the
        -   societies are largely composed of former slaves.

       Definitions: Patterson defines slaveholding as "permanent
       dominant violation of natally alienated and generally dishonored
       persons."  This excludes non-hereditary slavery, and thus does
       not include what Murdock (1967: 166) classifies as incipient slavery.
       His focus is on slaveholding societies, and excludes societies
       largely composed of former slaves.

  72.  Large Scale Slaveholding Systems: Recency [Var 919 Study 32]

      -    . = Missing Data
    168    0 = Not present
      6    1 = Present at or immediate prior to pinpointing date
      6    2 = Present within past fifty years
      3    3 = Present within past one hundred yesrs
      2    4 = Present within past two hundred years
      1    5 = Present within past three hundred years

  73.  Moderate or Frequent Interpersonal Violence [Var 666 Study 18]

     55    . = Missing data
     43    1 = Absent
     88    2 = Present

  74.  Number of Cousin Marriages (Allowed) [Var 227 Study 9]
  75.  Number of Cousin Marriages (Preferred) [Var 229 Study 9]
       No. of cases coded for variable:            Alwd. Pref.
                                                Var 74    75

       . = Missing data                             13     2
       1 = FaSiDa                                    -     5
       2 = Paternal (FBD if only one)                1     8
       3 = Uncle's Da                                -     -
       4 = Other                                   165    25
       5 = Aunt's Da                                 -     -
       6 = Maternal                                  1     -
       8 = MoBrDa                                    6    23
       9 = No preferential or prescriptive unions        123

  76.  Mode of Marriage [Var 208 Study 9]

     71    1 = Bride-Price or -Wealth, to bride's family
     24    2 = Bride-Service, to bride's family
     16    3 = Token Bride-price
     15    4 = Gift Exchange, reciprocal
      9    5 = Sister or Female Relative Exchanged for Bride
     42    6 = Absence of Consideration
      9    7 = Dowry, to bride from her family

  77.  Role of the Older Generation in Arranging Marriages [Var 603 Study 15]
       (1st Marriages Only)

    103    . = Missing Data
     13    1 = Males monopolize arrangement
     33    2 = Both males and females participate, males have more say
     28    3 = Both participate, and with roughly equal say
      9    4 = Both males and females participate, females have more say

  78.  Voice of the Potential Bride and Groom in Marriage Decisions [Var 604 Study 15]

    106    . = Missing Data
      4    1 = Only the groom can initiate or refuse a match
     27    2 = Groom has more ability to initiate or refuse
     46    3 = Equal ability to initiate or refuse a match
      3    4 = Bride has more ability to initiate or refuse

  79.  Marriage Arrangements (male) [Var 739 Study 20]

     38    . = Missing data
     46    1 = Individual selects and/or courts partner autonomously:
               approval by parents or others unnecessary
     26    2 = Individual selects and/or courts partner autonomously:
               parental, kin, and/or community approval necessary or
               highly desireable
      5    3 = Individual suggests partner to parents or others:
               arrangements for courtship or marriage then proceed
               if choice is approved
             OR parents ask approval of individuals to initiate
               a match
             OR individual is approached by parent or others on
               behalf of suitor and can accept or reject the match
     27    4 = Individual choice and arranged marriages are
               alternatives
     25    5 = Parents choose partner: individual can object
     19    6 = Parents choose partner: individual cannot easily
               object or rarely objects in fact

  80.  Marriage Arrangements (Female) [Var 740 Study 20]

     35    . = Missing data
     12    1 = Individual selects and/or courts partner autonomously:
               approval by parents or others unnecessary
     40    2 = Individual selects and/or courts partner authonomously:
               parental, kin, and/or community approval necessary
               or highly desireable
      4    3 = Individual suggests partner to parents or others;
               arrangements for courtship or marriage then proceed
               if choice is approved
             OR parents ask approval of individuals to initiate
               a match
             OR individual is approached by parent or others on
               behalf of suitor and can accept or reject the match
     27    4 = Individual choice and arranged marriages are
               alternatives
     35    5 = Parents choose partner: individual can object
     33    6 = Parents choose partner: individual cannot easily
               object or rarely objects in fact

  81.  Compensation Demands [Var 568 Study 14]

    119    . = Missing data
     34    2 = Present
     33    1 = Absent

  82.  Frequency of Divorce [Var 744 Study 20]

    101    . = Missing data
      8    1 = Universal or almost universal
     31    2 = Common, frequent, not uncommon
     11    3 = Moderate: a small minority of couples divorce
     10    4 = Frequent in first years of marriage and/or before
               children; rare thereafter
     25    5 = Rare, isolated instances, never

  83.  Widow Remarriage:  Choice of Partner [Var 741 Study 20]

     94    . = Missing data
     28    1 = Widow chooses new husband herself with no outside
               interferences
     27    2 = Remarriage into first husband's kin group usually
               or preferred, but widow can choose new husband from
               elsewhere if she wishes
      4    3 = Widow chooses new husband herself, but from first
               husband's kin group or community
     27    4 = Widow's husband's kin chooses new husband
      6    5 = Remarriage is absent, uncommon, or strongly
               disapproved

  84.  Marital Residence with Kin:  After First Years [Var 215 Study 9]

      1    . = Missing Data
      1    0 = Nonestablishment of Common Household
     16    1 = Matrilocal: with wife's unilineal kin group
     14    2 = Uxorilocal: with wife's parents
      1    3 = Optional avuncu- or uxori-local
     15    4 = Bilocal:  with either kin group
      8    5 = Avunculocal: with husband's mother's brother
      1    6 = Optional avuncu-, viri-, or patri-locality
     41    7 = Virilocal: with husband's parents
     71    8 = Patrilocal: with husband's unilineal kin group
     17    9 = Neolocal: independent of kin

  85.  Household Form [Var  67 Study 3]

      6    1 = Large communal structures
      4    2 = Multi-family dwellings
     87    3 = Single family dwellings
     37    4 = Family homestead
     24    5 = Multi-dwelling households, each with married pair
      9    6 = Multi-dwelling households, husband rotates among wives
      3    7 = Mother-child households, husbands separate
     16    8 = Multi-dwelling households, each dwelling occupied
               by individual married man or woman

  86.  Family Type (recoded from 68) [Var  80 Study 3]

      7    1 = Nuclear Monogamous
     70    2 = Nuclear Polygynous
     16    3 = Stem Family
     59    4 = Small extended
     34    5 = Large extended

  87.  Wife to Husband Institutionalized Deference (Guttman Scale) [Var 615 Study 15]

    102    . = Missing Data
     29    1 = None of the following coded
     15    2 = Husband dominates domestic decision making
     21    3 = Wife excluded from many social gatherings, plus 2 above
      9    4 = Wife rarely disputes husband, plus 2 and 3 above
      7    5 = Husband has seating priority, plus 2-4 above
      3    6 = Wife kneels and bows when greeting husband, plus 2-5 above

  88.  Cultural Basis of Polygyny [Var 860 Study 28]

      6    . = Missing data
     25    1 = Monogamy prescribed
     35    2 = Monogamy preferred, but exceptional cases of polygyny
     45    3 = Polygyny limited to individual men with leadership attributes
               (chiefs, medicine men, outstanding hunters, etc. - often no
               more than one such man per community).
     30    4 = Polygyny limited to men of a higher social class (men of
               wealth, rank, nobility, etc.)
     45    5 = Polygyny preferred by most men, and attained by most men of
               sufficient years or wealth to obtain wives. Thus: (a)
               older men usually have more wives; (b) polygyny is
               generally based on the accumulation of wealth; and (c)
               extra wives are an economic asset in terms of labor

  89.  Sororal Polygyny [Var 862 Study 28]

     26    . = Missing data
     25    1 = No polygyny (M)
     91    2 = Non-sororal polygyny predominant (Atlas PQ)
     35    3 = Sororal or marriage to wife's kin predominant (Atlas RS)
      9    4 = Sororal or secondary marriage to wife's kin only

  90.  Distance between Co-Wives [Var 863 Study 28]

     33    . = Missing data
      1    0 = One wife, multiple husbands
     25    1 = One wife (Atlas M)
     57    2 = Co-residence for multiple wives (Atlas PR)
     25    3 = One wife resides with husband, others in separate houses
     12    4 = One wife resides with husband, others in separate communities
     31    5 = Separate housing in compound for every wife (Atlas QS)
      2    6 = Separate housing in village for every wife [as might occur,
               for example, with men's houses, e.g., Otoro - check]

  91.  Percentage of Married Women Polygynously Married [Var 872 Study 28]

      43   . = Missing data
     143     = Percentage of women with one or more co-wives

  92.  Kin Terms for Cousins [Var 231 Study 9]

     14    . = Missing data
     16    1 = Descriptive terms, e.g. 'mothers brothers son'
      1    2 = Siblings, cross and parallel cousins distinguished
                but not by descriptive terms
     45    3 = Cross cousins versus parallel are siblings
      4    4 = Mixed or deviant
     14    5 = Generational merging; MoBrCh up; FaSCh down
     15    6 = Generational merging; MoBrCh down; FaSCh up
     23    7 = Cousins versus siblings
     54    8 = Siblings plus cousins equated

  93.  Patterns for Cross-Cousins [Var 643 Study 16]

     42    . = Missing Data
     42    1 = Hawaiian Pattern
     39    2 = Iroquois Pattern
     20    3 = Eskimo Pattern
      9    4 = Omaha Pattern
     17    5 = Crow Pattern
     10    6 = Descriptive Pattern
      7    7 = Sudanese Pattern

  94.  Descent - Membership in Corporate Kinship Groups [Var  70 Study 3]

     26    1 = Matrilineal - through female line
     10    2 = Double descent - separate groups through male and female lines
     75    3 = Patrilineal - through male line
      6    4 = Ambilineal - through one parent in each generation
     69    5 = Bilateral - not a corporate kin group

  95.  Descent Groups, Location of Core Gender Group [Var  71 Study 3]

     69    0 = None - Bilateral
     22    1 = Localized lineages - in community, more than one per community
      6    2 = Clan communities - core group and spouses constitute community
     89    3 = Dispersed sibs - core group dispersed in different communities

  96.  Fraternal Interest Group Size: Largest Corporate Kin Political Unit
       [Var 569 Study 14] (Consanguineal group acts as a corporate unit, using
       force if necessary, to defend their interests and resolve disputes)

    102    . = Missing Data
     54    1 = under 100 persons
     16    2 = 100-999 persons
     14    3 = 1000 and over

  97.  Community Size [Var  63 Study 3]

      1    . = Missing Data
     28    1 =        < 50
     28    2 =       50-99
     45    3 =      100-199
     32    4 =      200-399
     29    5 =      400-999
     15    6 =    1,000-4,999
      5    7 =    5,000-49,999
      3    8 = > 50,000

  98.  Community Marriage Organization [Var 219 Study 9]

      4    . = Missing data
     17    1 = Demes (not segmented into clan barrios)
     40    2 = Segmented communities without local exogamy
     66    3 = Agamous communities
     28    4 = Exogamous communities (not clans)
      2    5 = Segmented communities (containing localized
                clans) with local exogamy
     29    6 = Clan communities (or clan barrios)

  99.  Community Leadership [Var  76 Study 3]

     13    1 = No centralized local leadership
      4    2 = Higher level only
     54    3 = Single local leader
      8    4 = Dual/plural headmen
     72    5 = Single local leader and council
     15    6 = Local councils
     10    7 = Single local leader and subordinates
     10    8 = Too complex to be coded

 100.  Local Political Succession, Primary [Var  77 Study 3]

      3    . = Missing data
     17    1 = No headman or council
     10    2 = By appointment
     10    3 = Seniority
      2    4 = Divination
     37    5 = Informal consensus
     22    6 = Electoral process
     61    7 = Patrilineal
     14    8 = Matrilineal
     10    9 = Hereditary with personal qualifications

 101.  Perceptions of Political Leaders' Power as seen by Society [Var 759 Study 21]

     96    . = Missing data
     24    1 = Very powerful
     29    2 = Somewhat powerful, often variable across leaders, situations
     37    3 = Limited

 102.  Decision Making Bodies: How most decisions are made [Var 764 Study 21]

     98    . = Missing data
     23    1 = Individual(s), perhaps with advice of few advisors
     16    2 = Individual(s), working with an elite council
     14    3 = Individual(s), working with a broad based council
     19    4 = Broad based community council
     16    5 = Few explicit decisions, some made by community at large

 103.  Police [Var  90 Study 4]

      6    . = Missing data
    124    1 = Not specialized
      4    2 = Incipient specialization
      4    3 = Retainers of chiefs
      6    4 = Military
     42    5 = Specialized

 104.  Conflict Management in Local Community: Dominant Mode [Var 769 Study 21]

     98    . = Missing data
     31    1 = Conflicting parties encouraged to find a solution on their own
     27    2 = Conflicting parties easily draw new parties in but pressures
               for resolving disputes using informal mechanisms
     30    3 = Authorities often get involved and work to achieve a settlement

 105.  Intercommunity Marriage [Var  72 Study 3]

      1    . = Missing data
     11    1 = Local endogamy 90-100%
     50    2 = Local endogamy 61-89% (agamous)
     51    3 = Local endogamy 40-60% (agamous)
     38    4 = Local endogamy 11-39% (agamous)
     35    5 = Local endogamy  0-10% (exogamy)

 106.  Cross-Cutting Ties: [Var 788 Study 21] extent to which individuals
       living in different communities of the same society linked together in
       politically relevant ways

     97    . = Missing data
     34    1 = No politically relevant links, formal organizations, or strong
               informal obligations which extend beyond the local community
     30    2 = Some politically relevant ties, but wider society divided
               into some discrete groups not linked through cross-cutting ties
     25    3 = Cross-cutting ties link individuals throughout the society,
               cutting across territorial groups in one or more ways

 107.  Levels of Sovereignty [Var  83 Study 4]

      2    . = Missing data
     98    1 = Stateless society
     31    2 = Sovereignty 1st hierarchical level up
     14    3 = Sovereignty 2nd hierarchical level up
     41    4 = Sovereignty 3rd or higher hierarchical level

 108.  Executive [Var  85 Study 4]

      3    . = Missing data
     98    1 = Absent
      7    2 = Council
     22    3 = Executive and Council
      2    4 = Plural executive
     54    5 = Single leader

 109.  Political Participation: [Var 765 Study 21] Range of Community Decision
       Making, or extent to which community control is exercised over
       different areas of life through collective decision making, which may
       be of a formal or informal nature.

     98    . = Missing data
     26    1 = Collective decisions impinge on many aspects of people's lives
     18    2 = Collective decisions impinge on a moderate number of areas
     25    3 = Collective decisions impinge on few aspects of people's lives
     19    4 = Minimal collective decisions which impinge on people's lives

 110.  Local Political Fission of Dissatisfied Persons [Var 785 Study 21]

    122    . = Missing data
     30    1 = Often move to another community following disputes
     20    2 = Sometimes move to another community following disputes
     14    3 = Rarely or never move to another community following disputes

 111.  Judiciary [Var  89 Study 4]

      3    . = Missing data
    103    1 = Absent
      6    2 = Not local
     49    3 = Executive
     23    4 = Appointed by executive
      1    5 = Priesthood
      1    6 = Hereditary

 112.  Prestige associated with being a Soldier or Warrior [Var 903 Study 31]

     35    . = Missing Data
     61    1 = A great deal; important for every male
     64    2 = some, not necessary to be a warrior to have influence
               in the community
     26    3 = No special consideration, respect, or distinctions for
               a man who fights

 113.  Frequency of Internal War [Var 891 Study 31]
       (Follows Otterbein 1970: 84, 143)

     26    . = Missing Data
     17    1 = Continual
     54    2 = Frequent
     89    3 = Infrequent

 114.  Frequency of External War - Attacking [Var 892 Study 31]
       (Follows Otterbein 1970: 84, 143-144)

     29    . = Missing Data
     31    1 = Continual
     61    2 = Frequent
     65    3 = Infrequent

 115.  Frequency of External War - Being Attacked [Var 893 Study 31]
       (Follows Otterbein 1970: 84, 143-144)

     33    . = Missing Data
     26    1 = Continual
     67    2 = Frequent
     60    3 = Infrequent

 116.  Military Expectations II [Var 900 Study 31]

     20    . = Missing Data
     76    1 = High, with any one of the following present:
               Subjugation of territory or people (909)
               Collection of tribute (910)
               Land - fields, hunting/fishing territory, pastures (911)
     90    2 = Low, absence of any of the above

 117.  Plunder (including captives for slaves, hostages, adoption) [Var 912 Study 31]

     18    . = Missing Data
    104    1 = Present
     64    2 = Absent or not mentioned

 118.  Military Success: [Var 908 Study 31] is political community/cultural
       unit winning or losing in the long run (Modified from Otterbein 1970 to
       include population as well as territory)

     14    . = Missing Data
     42    1 = Yes -- its boundaries/population are expanding
     63    2 = No change -- boundaries/population stationary
               (the population is able to replace those lost in war)
      8    3 = Breaking even -- what it loses in territory it takes from others
     59    4 = No -- its boundaries/population are shrinking

 119.  Theories of Mystical Retribution [Var 652 Study 17]

     55    . = Missing data
     26    1 = Absence of such a cause
     68    2 = Minor or relatively unimportant cause
     32    3 = An important auxiliary cause
      5    4 = Predominant cause recognized by the society

 120.  Theories of Spirit Aggression [Var 654 Study 17]

     55    . = Missing data
      2    1 = Absence of such a cause
     18    2 = Minor or relatively unimportant cause
     37    3 = An important auxiliary cause
     74    4 = Predominant cause recognized by the society

 121.  Theories of Sorcery [Var 655 Study 17]

     56    . = Missing data
     16    1 = Absence of such a cause
     45    2 = Minor or relatively unimportant cause
     45    3 = An important auxiliary cause
     24    4 = Predominant cause recognized by the society

 122.  Theories of Witchcraft [Var 656 Study 17]

     55    . = Missing data
     81    1 = Absence of such a cause
     24    2 = Minor or relatively unimportant cause
     17    3 = An important auxiliary cause
      9    4 = Predominant cause recognized by the society

 123.  Sex of Reputed Witches [Var 579 Study 15]

    118    . = Missing Data
     16    1 = All male
     21    2 = Male predominance in numbers or power
     23    3 = Both, and equal in numbers or power
      8    4 = Female predominance in numbers of power or only female witches

 124.  Sex of Shamans [Var 578 Study 15]

    113    . = Missing Data
     14    1 = All male
     26    2 = Male more numerous, or more powerful
     26    3 = Male more numerous while power equal, or male more powerful
               while numbers equal, or about equal in both
      7    4 = Female more powerful or more numerous or solely female shamans

 125.  Shaman [Var 879 Study 29]

    139    . = Not Coded or Insufficient Date
     34    0 = Absent
     13    1 = Present

 126.  Shaman/Header [Var 880 Study 29]

    139    . = Not Coded or Insufficient Date
     36    0 = Absent
     11    1 = Present

 127.  Healer [Var 881 Study 29]

    139    . = Not Coded or Insufficient Date
     25    0 = Absent
     17    1 = Present
      5    2 = Present - with characteristics of the Healer, but not
               included in the initial analyses used to determine the
               practitioner types, and therefore classified as a "Healer
               Complex" practitioner

 128.  Medium [Var 882 Study 29]

    139    . = Not Coded or Insufficient Date
     30    0 = Absent
     17    1 = Present

 129.  Sorcerer/Witch [Var 883 Study 29]

    139    . = Not Coded or Insufficient Date
     29    0 = Absent
     17    1 = Present (Note: the Roman practitioner known as a sorcerer,
               witch, or necromancer, clustered with the Shaman/Healers
               but the social role was much the same as the Sorcerer/Witch)

 130.  Priest [Var 884 Study 29]

    139    . = Not Coded or Insufficient Date
     19    0 = Absent
     28    1 = Present

 131.  Funeral or Burial Ceremonies Held [Var 581 Study 15]

    102    . = Missing Data
     11    1 = Only for males, or for both, but male more elaborate
     73    2 = For both, and roughly equal

 132.  Religion [Var 713 Study 19]

     93    . = Missing data
     14    1 = Preclassical
     31    2 = Mixture of classical and preclassical
     48    3 = Classical religion (Xianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism)

 133.  Creation Stories [Var 676 Study 18] (composite of 675 and 656, plus
       additional societies)

     74    . = Missing
     20    1 = feminine symbolism
     36    2 = couple symbolism
     56    3 = masculine symbolism

 134.  High gods [Var 238 Study 9]

     18    . = Missing data
     68    1 = Absent or not reported
     47    2 = Present but not active in human affairs
     13    3 = Present and active in human affairs but not
                supportive of human morality
     40    4 = Present, active, and specifically supportive of human morality

 135.  Sex of Gods and Spirits and Other Super-Natural Beings [Var 576 Study 15]

    119    . = Missing data
     10    1 = All male
     24    2 = Male are more numerous or more powerful
     13    3 = Male are more numerous while power equal or
               male are more powerful while numbers equal
     20    4 = Both and equal in numbers of power or women more numerous
               while power equal, or women more powerful while numbers equal

 136.  Prominent Community Ceremonials [Var  74 Study 3]

     67    1 = Rites of passage
     69    2 = Calendrical
     36    3 = Magical or religious
     14    4 = Individual sponsored and communally attended (e.g., potlatch)

 137.  Ceremonial Elements [Var  75 Study 3]

     54    1 = Feasting and/or drinking
     10    2 = Exchanges other than food
     51    3 = Entertainment
     57    4 = Sacrifice other than human
     13    5 = Human sacrifice
      1    6 = Masochistic behavior

 138.  An Explicit View that Sexual Activity is Dangerous or Contaminating
       [Var 602 Study 15]

    118    . = Missing data
     15    1 = Yes
     63    2 = No

 139.  Sex Frequency in Marriage [Var 160 Study 7]

    120    . = Missing data
     11    1 = No abstinence
     40    2 = Abstinence at times
      6    3 = Moderation
      9    4 = Abstinence admired

 140.  Norms of Premarital Sex Behavior of Girls [Var 282 Study 9]

     40    . = Missing data
     13    1 = Early marriage of females (at or before puberty)
     38    2 = Insistence on virginity
     37    3 = Prohibited but weakly censured and not infrequent
     16    4 = Allowed, censured only if pregnancy results
      5    5 = Trial marriage, promiscuous relations prohibited
     37    6 = Freely permitted, even if pregnancy results

 141.  Sexual Expression in Adolescent Girls [Var 828 Study 24]

    Encouragement of sexual behavior, taking into account its frequency,
    emotional intensity, importance, and variety (including range of partners)
    in adolescence. Heterosexual intercourse is the principal criterion, but
    heterosexual foreplay, masturbation, homosexuality, sexual jokes, and
    exposing the genitals were also considered.

    Heterosexual intercourse and other forms of sexual expression are:
                                                                 Boys Girls
         * . = missing data                                       32   28
           0 =  more extreme than 1                                0    1
           1 =  more extreme than 2                                9   23
           2 = Not approved or admired by parents or authorities  27   37
               Mild forms (e.g. sexual jokes) sometimes approved.
           3 =  closer to 2 than 5                                 5    3
           4 =  closer to 5 than 2                                12   10
           5 = Normally and generally approved (by parents, etc.) 33   31
               Moderate frequency, intensity, importance, variety
           6 =  closer to 5 than 8                                15    9
           7 =  closer to 8 than 5                                 7    7
           8 = Strongly approved and valued (by parents, etc.)    44   34
               High frequency, variety of sexual behavior admired.
           9 =  more extreme than 8                                2    3

 142.  Extramarital Sex [Var 169 Study 7]

     77    . =  Missing data
     13    1 =  Single standard-  both allowed
     48    2 =  Double standard-  husband only
     24    3 =  Double standard-  both forbidden, women punished more
     24    4 =  Single standard- both condemned equally

 143.  Frequency of Homosexuality [Var 177 Study 7]

    117    . =  Missing data
     40    1 =  Absent
     29    2 =  Present

 144.  Rape: [Var 667 Study 18] Incidents reports, or thought of as means of
       punishment women, or part of ceremony.

     91    . = Missing data
     45    1 = Absent
     50    2 = Present

 145.  Menstrual Taboos (H16) [Var 671 Study 18]

     76    . = Missing data
      8    1 = no menstrual restrictions
     26    2 = one restriction present
     25    3 = two restrictions
     17    4 = three
     15    5 = four
     19    6 = five

 146.  Maternal Restrictions [Var 563 Study 14]

     97    . = Missing Data
     43    1 = Absent
     46    2 = Present

 147.  Husband Involvement Scale (Couvade) [Var 564 Study 14]

     99    . = Missing Data
     51    1 = Minor Observance or informal
     36    2 = Seclusion, or postpartum work taboo, or food taboo

 148.  Husband Attends Birth [Var 755 Study 20]

    118    . = Missing data
     11    1 = Husbands expected or allowed to attend the births
               of their children and usually do
      4    2 = No taboo against presence of husband at births
               but husbands often (?) or usually are absent
      4    3 = Husbands attend births only in emergencies
      8    4 = Husbands not allowed to attend births, but have
               specific tasks or roles associated with labor or
               delivery
     41    5 = Husbands not allowed to attend births and are
               explicitly barred from playing any role in labor
               or delivery

 149.  Post - Partum Sex Taboo [Var  34 Study 2]

     52    . = Missing data
      2    1 = Intercourse expected soon after birth
      7    2 = None
     29    3 = 1 month or less
     42    4 = 6 months or less
     12    5 = 1 year or less
     20    6 = 2 years or less
     22    7 = > 2 years

 150.  Infant Carrying Devices [Var  28 Study 2]

     30    . = Missing Data
     22    1 = None, skin contact
     22    2 = None, clothing or blanket
     75    3 = Sling or Pouch
      9    4 = Basket
     28    5 = Rigid Cradleboard

 151.  Role of Father in Infancy [Var  53 Study 2]

     32    . = Missing Data
      8    1 = Distant
     27    2 = Rarely close
     72    3 = Occasionally close
     44    4 = Frequently close
      3    5 = Regularly close

 152.  General Indulgence, Early Childhood [Var  59 Study 2]
               (especially taking 31 and 33 into account)

     54    . = Missing Data
      2    1 = Severe
     24    2 = Less Severity
     32    3 = Occasional Severity
     64    4 = Greater Leniency
     10    5 = Consistently Lenient

 153.  Final Authority over the Up-bringing and Discipline [Var 614 Study 15]
       of Post-infant Unmarried Children Living in the Home

    118    . = Missing Data
     11    1 = is virtually monopolized by males
     14    2 = is divided, but males have more say
     34    3 = is divided roughly equally
      9    4 = is divided but females have more say, or final
               say is virtually monopolized by females

 154.  Duration of Early Childhood [Var 293 Study 9]

       7   . = Missing data
      87   1 = short (ending at about 7 years of age)
      36   2 = medium (ending at about 9 years of age)
      56   3 = long (ending at about 11 years of age or later)

 155.  A Stated Preference for Children of One Sex [Var 616 Study 15]

     93    . = Missing Data
     28    1 = For males
     54    2 = Equal, no preference
     11    3 = For females

 156.  Childhood Pain Infliction [Var  33 Study 2]

     38    . = Missing Data
     17    1 = Absent
     37    2 = Only neonatally or very mild pain
     63    3 = Occasional mild pain
     25    4 = Frequent mild pain or infrequent severe pain
      6    5 = Frequent pain
      -    6 = Very painful

 157.  Affection:  Boys,  late childhood [Var 471 Study 11]
 158.  Affection:  Girls, late childhood [Var 472 Study 11]

    refers primarily to attention and positive interest expressed
    toward child:
                                                  Boy  Girl

       . = Missing data                           32   32
       0 = Minimal expression of affection,
           attention, positive interest in child   -    -
       1 =  intermediate                           -    1
       2 = Generally low expression of affection  10   13
           and attention
       3 =  closer to 2 than 5                     4    4
       4 =  closer to 5 than 2                    20   24
       5 = Moderate or sporadic expression of
           affection and attention                43   37
       6 =  closer to 5 than 8                    44   42
       7 =  closer to 8 than 5                    17   19
       8 = Consistent, occas. strong expression   16   14

 159.  Introduction of New Foods (other than milk) in Childhood [Var  38 Study 2]

     95    . = Missing Data
     33    1 = Before 1 month
     27    2 = 1-6 months
     11    3 = 7-12 months, including solids
      6    4 = 7-12 months, only liquids or premasticated
     14    5 = After 12 months

 160.  Weaning - Age and Severity [Var  39 Study 2]

     29    . = Missing Date
    103    1 = > 2 years and gentle
     27    2 = > 2 years and severe
     17    3 = > 1 year and gentle
      5    4 = > 1 year and severe
      3    5 = > 6 months and gentle
      1    6 = > 6 months and severe
      1    7 = < 6 months and gentle
      -    8 = < 6 months and severe

 161.  Aggression: Boys,  Late Childhood [Var 300 Study 10]
 162.  Aggression: Girls, Late Childhood [Var 301 Study 10]
                                             Boy  Girl
       . = Missing data                      38   58
       0 = no inculcation, or opposite trait  -    -
       1 = [weak inculcation]                 4    5
       2 =  intermediate                      9   16
       3 = [moderate inculcation]            11   16
       4 =  intermediate                      9   10
       5 = moderately strong inculcation     40   38
       6 =  intermediate                     43   26
       7 = [strong inculcation]               5    5
       8 =  intermediate                     19   10
       9 = [very strong inculcation]          6    1
           extremely strong inculcation       2    1

 163.  Autonomy- Encouragement in Childhood [Var  41 Study 2]

     81    . = Missing Data
     25    1 = > 4 years and gradual
      3    2 = > 4 years and abrupt
     54    3 = 2-4 years and gradual
     23    4 = 2-4 years and abrupt, or < 2 years and gradual
      -    5 = < 2 years and abrupt

 164.  Covering Genitals- Age [Var  43 Study 2]

     50    0 = Even adults uncovered
     85    1 = Very late
     14    2 = Late
      2    3 = > 1 year
      1    4 = < 6 months
     34    5 = After birth

 165.  Obedience: Boys,  Late Childhood [Var 324 Study 10]
 166.  Obedience: Girls, Late Childhood [Var 325 Study 10]
                                             Boy  Girl
       . = Missing data                       24   24
       0 = no inculcation or opposite trait    1    -
       1 =                                     1    -
       2 =                                    15   10
       3 =                                    10   10
       4 =                                    12   11
       5 = moderately strong inculcation      45   45
       6 =                                    33   36
       7 =                                     2    3
       8 =                                    32   32
       9 =                                     8   11
           extremely strong inculcation        3    4

 167.  Guidance or Formal Schooling: Boys, Late Childhood [Var 427 Study 11]
 168.  Guidance or Formal Schooling: Girls, Late Childhood [Var 428 Study 11]

                                                  Boy  Girl
       . = Missing data                             8   13
       1 = Informal training w/ minimal guidance   14   15
       2 = Apprenticeship atypical or occasional    6    1
       3 = Apprenticeship typical and frequent
           but informal training more prevalent    42   55
       4 = Apprenticeship predominant              44   46
       5 = Formal schooling atypical or occasional 34   31
       6 = Formal schooling typical and frequent   38   25

 169.  Male Genital Mutilations [Var 241 Study 9]

      5    . = Missing data
    131    0 = Absent
      5    1 = Within first two months after birth
      1    2 = Two months to two years
      5    3 = Two to five years
     16    4 = Six to ten years
     17    5 = 11 to 15 years
      2    6 = 16 to 25 years
      -    7 = 25 to 50 years
      1    8 = After 50 years
      3    9 = Normal age unclear

 170.  Segregation of Adolescent Boys [Var 242 Study 9]

     29    . = Missing data
    108    1 = Absence
     19    2 = Partial
      8    3 = Complete, with relatives outside nuclear family
      4    4 = Complete, with non-relatives
     18    5 = Complete, with peers

 171.  Occurrence of initiations: Boys [Var 529 Study 13]

      4    . = Missing data
     80    0 = Absent for both boys and girls
     39    1 = Absent for specified sex only
     63    2 = Present

 172.  Existence of General Female Initiation Ceremonies [Var 623 Study 15]

    110    . = Missing Data
     36    1 = No initiations for females
      8    2 = Customary minimal social recognition
     10    3 = Personal dramatization of the initiate, plus 2 above
     12    4 = Organized social response, plus 2 and 3 above
     10    5 = Affective social response (e.g., punishment or operations),
               plus 2-4 above

 173.  Occurrence of initiations: Girls [Var 530 Study 13]

      3    . = Missing data
     81    0 = Absent for both boys and girls
     17    1 = Absent for specified sex only
     85    2 = Present

 174.  Male Initiation Ceremonies - Guttman Scale [Var 694 Study 19]
               (Frank Young, 1965)

    111    . = Missing data
     37    1 = No initiation
     10    2 = Minimal social recognition
      7    3 = Personal dramatization of the initiate
      3    4 = Organized social response
     18    5 = Affective social response: beating, hazing or operations
               (coefficient of scalability = .76)

 175.  Differentiation of Adolescence from Childhood for Boys  [Var 831 Study 24]
 176.  Differentiation of Adolescence from Childhood for Girls [Var 832 Study 24]

    These variables were recoded on a three point scale, collapsed from a 0-10
    rating. No cases of 0-1 or 9-10 ratings were reported.

    Differentiation of adolescent from preadolescent activities, status,
    and all other attributes of behavior and self-concept:  Boys   Girls
       .                                                       20     22
       1 = (2)Low, mostly the same, no formal transition       48     62
              Frequent companionship between the two stages
           (3)
           (4)
          =(5)Substantial, but inconsistent, not formalized,
                or companionship only for some activities
       2   (6)                                                 57     59
           (7)
       3  =(8)High, with formal transition                     61     43
              Infrequent companionship with younger children.

 177.  First letter of societal name
 178.  2-3rd letters of societal name
 179.  4-5th letters of societal name
 180.  6-7th letters of societal name
 181.  8-9th letters of societal name
 182.  10-11th letters of societal name
 183.  12-13th letters of societal name
 184.  14-15th letters of societal name

 185.  Pinpointing Era - see variable 185

          -1 = 1999-1000 BC
           - = 1-999 BC
           0 = 0-999 AD
           1 = 1000-1987 AD